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-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="application/xhtml+xml; charset=UTF-8" />
-<meta name="generator" content="AsciiDoc 8.6.6" />
-<title>CASM</title>
-<style type="text/css">
-/* Shared CSS for AsciiDoc xhtml11 and html5 backends */
-
-/* Default font. */
-body {
- font-family: Georgia,serif;
-}
-
-/* Title font. */
-h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6,
-div.title, caption.title,
-thead, p.table.header,
-#toctitle,
-#author, #revnumber, #revdate, #revremark,
-#footer {
- font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;
-}
-
-body {
- margin: 1em 5% 1em 5%;
-}
-
-a {
- color: blue;
- text-decoration: underline;
-}
-a:visited {
- color: fuchsia;
-}
-
-em {
- font-style: italic;
- color: navy;
-}
-
-strong {
- font-weight: bold;
- color: #083194;
-}
-
-h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
- color: #527bbd;
- margin-top: 1.2em;
- margin-bottom: 0.5em;
- line-height: 1.3;
-}
-
-h1, h2, h3 {
- border-bottom: 2px solid silver;
-}
-h2 {
- padding-top: 0.5em;
-}
-h3 {
- float: left;
-}
-h3 + * {
- clear: left;
-}
-h5 {
- font-size: 1.0em;
-}
-
-div.sectionbody {
- margin-left: 0;
-}
-
-hr {
- border: 1px solid silver;
-}
-
-p {
- margin-top: 0.5em;
- margin-bottom: 0.5em;
-}
-
-ul, ol, li > p {
- margin-top: 0;
-}
-ul > li { color: #aaa; }
-ul > li > * { color: black; }
-
-pre {
- padding: 0;
- margin: 0;
-}
-
-#author {
- color: #527bbd;
- font-weight: bold;
- font-size: 1.1em;
-}
-#email {
-}
-#revnumber, #revdate, #revremark {
-}
-
-#footer {
- font-size: small;
- border-top: 2px solid silver;
- padding-top: 0.5em;
- margin-top: 4.0em;
-}
-#footer-text {
- float: left;
- padding-bottom: 0.5em;
-}
-#footer-badges {
- float: right;
- padding-bottom: 0.5em;
-}
-
-#preamble {
- margin-top: 1.5em;
- margin-bottom: 1.5em;
-}
-div.imageblock, div.exampleblock, div.verseblock,
-div.quoteblock, div.literalblock, div.listingblock, div.sidebarblock,
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- margin-top: 1.0em;
- margin-bottom: 1.5em;
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-div.admonitionblock {
- margin-top: 2.0em;
- margin-bottom: 2.0em;
- margin-right: 10%;
- color: #606060;
-}
-
-div.content { /* Block element content. */
- padding: 0;
-}
-
-/* Block element titles. */
-div.title, caption.title {
- color: #527bbd;
- font-weight: bold;
- text-align: left;
- margin-top: 1.0em;
- margin-bottom: 0.5em;
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- margin-top: 0;
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-
-div.sidebarblock > div.content {
- background: #ffffee;
- border: 1px solid #dddddd;
- border-left: 4px solid #f0f0f0;
- padding: 0.5em;
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- border: 1px solid #dddddd;
- border-left: 5px solid #f0f0f0;
- background: #f8f8f8;
- padding: 0.5em;
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-
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- padding-left: 1.0em;
- margin-left: 1.0em;
- margin-right: 10%;
- border-left: 5px solid #f0f0f0;
- color: #888;
-}
-
-div.quoteblock > div.attribution {
- padding-top: 0.5em;
- text-align: right;
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-
-div.verseblock > pre.content {
- font-family: inherit;
- font-size: inherit;
-}
-div.verseblock > div.attribution {
- padding-top: 0.75em;
- text-align: left;
-}
-/* DEPRECATED: Pre version 8.2.7 verse style literal block. */
-div.verseblock + div.attribution {
- text-align: left;
-}
-
-div.admonitionblock .icon {
- vertical-align: top;
- font-size: 1.1em;
- font-weight: bold;
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- padding-right: 0.5em;
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- border-left: 3px solid #dddddd;
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-
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- padding-left: 0.5em;
-}
-
-div.imageblock div.content { padding-left: 0; }
-span.image img { border-style: none; }
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-
-dl {
- margin-top: 0.8em;
- margin-bottom: 0.8em;
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- list-style-type: upper-alpha;
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-ol.lowerroman {
- list-style-type: lower-roman;
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-ol.upperroman {
- list-style-type: upper-roman;
-}
-
-div.compact ul, div.compact ol,
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- margin-top: 0.1em;
- margin-bottom: 0.1em;
-}
-
-tfoot {
- font-weight: bold;
-}
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- white-space: pre;
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-
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- vertical-align: top;
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-.comment {
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-.footnote, .footnoteref {
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-
-span.footnote, span.footnoteref {
- vertical-align: super;
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-
-#footnotes {
- margin: 20px 0 20px 0;
- padding: 7px 0 0 0;
-}
-
-#footnotes div.footnote {
- margin: 0 0 5px 0;
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-
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- border-top: 1px solid silver;
- height: 1px;
- text-align: left;
- margin-left: 0;
- width: 20%;
- min-width: 100px;
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-
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-}
-div.colist td img {
- margin-top: 0.3em;
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-
-@media print {
- #footer-badges { display: none; }
-}
-
-#toc {
- margin-bottom: 2.5em;
-}
-
-#toctitle {
- color: #527bbd;
- font-size: 1.1em;
- font-weight: bold;
- margin-top: 1.0em;
- margin-bottom: 0.1em;
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-
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-div.toclevel4 {
- margin-left: 6em;
- font-size: 0.9em;
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-
-span.aqua { color: aqua; }
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-span.fuchsia { color: fuchsia; }
-span.gray { color: gray; }
-span.green { color: green; }
-span.lime { color: lime; }
-span.maroon { color: maroon; }
-span.navy { color: navy; }
-span.olive { color: olive; }
-span.purple { color: purple; }
-span.red { color: red; }
-span.silver { color: silver; }
-span.teal { color: teal; }
-span.white { color: white; }
-span.yellow { color: yellow; }
-
-span.aqua-background { background: aqua; }
-span.black-background { background: black; }
-span.blue-background { background: blue; }
-span.fuchsia-background { background: fuchsia; }
-span.gray-background { background: gray; }
-span.green-background { background: green; }
-span.lime-background { background: lime; }
-span.maroon-background { background: maroon; }
-span.navy-background { background: navy; }
-span.olive-background { background: olive; }
-span.purple-background { background: purple; }
-span.red-background { background: red; }
-span.silver-background { background: silver; }
-span.teal-background { background: teal; }
-span.white-background { background: white; }
-span.yellow-background { background: yellow; }
-
-span.big { font-size: 2em; }
-span.small { font-size: 0.6em; }
-
-span.underline { text-decoration: underline; }
-span.overline { text-decoration: overline; }
-span.line-through { text-decoration: line-through; }
-
-
-/*
- * xhtml11 specific
- *
- * */
-
-tt {
- font-family: monospace;
- font-size: inherit;
- color: navy;
-}
-
-div.tableblock {
- margin-top: 1.0em;
- margin-bottom: 1.5em;
-}
-div.tableblock > table {
- border: 3px solid #527bbd;
-}
-thead, p.table.header {
- font-weight: bold;
- color: #527bbd;
-}
-p.table {
- margin-top: 0;
-}
-/* Because the table frame attribute is overriden by CSS in most browsers. */
-div.tableblock > table[frame="void"] {
- border-style: none;
-}
-div.tableblock > table[frame="hsides"] {
- border-left-style: none;
- border-right-style: none;
-}
-div.tableblock > table[frame="vsides"] {
- border-top-style: none;
- border-bottom-style: none;
-}
-
-
-/*
- * html5 specific
- *
- * */
-
-.monospaced {
- font-family: monospace;
- font-size: inherit;
- color: navy;
-}
-
-table.tableblock {
- margin-top: 1.0em;
- margin-bottom: 1.5em;
-}
-thead, p.tableblock.header {
- font-weight: bold;
- color: #527bbd;
-}
-p.tableblock {
- margin-top: 0;
-}
-table.tableblock {
- border-width: 3px;
- border-spacing: 0px;
- border-style: solid;
- border-color: #527bbd;
- border-collapse: collapse;
-}
-th.tableblock, td.tableblock {
- border-width: 1px;
- padding: 4px;
- border-style: solid;
- border-color: #527bbd;
-}
-
-table.tableblock.frame-topbot {
- border-left-style: hidden;
- border-right-style: hidden;
-}
-table.tableblock.frame-sides {
- border-top-style: hidden;
- border-bottom-style: hidden;
-}
-table.tableblock.frame-none {
- border-style: hidden;
-}
-
-th.tableblock.halign-left, td.tableblock.halign-left {
- text-align: left;
-}
-th.tableblock.halign-center, td.tableblock.halign-center {
- text-align: center;
-}
-th.tableblock.halign-right, td.tableblock.halign-right {
- text-align: right;
-}
-
-th.tableblock.valign-top, td.tableblock.valign-top {
- vertical-align: top;
-}
-th.tableblock.valign-middle, td.tableblock.valign-middle {
- vertical-align: middle;
-}
-th.tableblock.valign-bottom, td.tableblock.valign-bottom {
- vertical-align: bottom;
-}
-
-
-/*
- * manpage specific
- *
- * */
-
-body.manpage h1 {
- padding-top: 0.5em;
- padding-bottom: 0.5em;
- border-top: 2px solid silver;
- border-bottom: 2px solid silver;
-}
-body.manpage h2 {
- border-style: none;
-}
-body.manpage div.sectionbody {
- margin-left: 3em;
-}
-
-@media print {
- body.manpage div#toc { display: none; }
-}
-</style>
-<script type="text/javascript">
-/*<![CDATA[*/
-var asciidoc = { // Namespace.
-
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// Table Of Contents generator
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-/* Author: Mihai Bazon, September 2002
- * http://students.infoiasi.ro/~mishoo
- *
- * Table Of Content generator
- * Version: 0.4
- *
- * Feel free to use this script under the terms of the GNU General Public
- * License, as long as you do not remove or alter this notice.
- */
-
- /* modified by Troy D. Hanson, September 2006. License: GPL */
- /* modified by Stuart Rackham, 2006, 2009. License: GPL */
-
-// toclevels = 1..4.
-toc: function (toclevels) {
-
- function getText(el) {
- var text = "";
- for (var i = el.firstChild; i != null; i = i.nextSibling) {
- if (i.nodeType == 3 /* Node.TEXT_NODE */) // IE doesn't speak constants.
- text += i.data;
- else if (i.firstChild != null)
- text += getText(i);
- }
- return text;
- }
-
- function TocEntry(el, text, toclevel) {
- this.element = el;
- this.text = text;
- this.toclevel = toclevel;
- }
-
- function tocEntries(el, toclevels) {
- var result = new Array;
- var re = new RegExp('[hH]([2-'+(toclevels+1)+'])');
- // Function that scans the DOM tree for header elements (the DOM2
- // nodeIterator API would be a better technique but not supported by all
- // browsers).
- var iterate = function (el) {
- for (var i = el.firstChild; i != null; i = i.nextSibling) {
- if (i.nodeType == 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */) {
- var mo = re.exec(i.tagName);
- if (mo && (i.getAttribute("class") || i.getAttribute("className")) != "float") {
- result[result.length] = new TocEntry(i, getText(i), mo[1]-1);
- }
- iterate(i);
- }
- }
- }
- iterate(el);
- return result;
- }
-
- var toc = document.getElementById("toc");
- if (!toc) {
- return;
- }
-
- // Delete existing TOC entries in case we're reloading the TOC.
- var tocEntriesToRemove = [];
- var i;
- for (i = 0; i < toc.childNodes.length; i++) {
- var entry = toc.childNodes[i];
- if (entry.nodeName == 'div'
- && entry.getAttribute("class")
- && entry.getAttribute("class").match(/^toclevel/))
- tocEntriesToRemove.push(entry);
- }
- for (i = 0; i < tocEntriesToRemove.length; i++) {
- toc.removeChild(tocEntriesToRemove[i]);
- }
-
- // Rebuild TOC entries.
- var entries = tocEntries(document.getElementById("content"), toclevels);
- for (var i = 0; i < entries.length; ++i) {
- var entry = entries[i];
- if (entry.element.id == "")
- entry.element.id = "_toc_" + i;
- var a = document.createElement("a");
- a.href = "#" + entry.element.id;
- a.appendChild(document.createTextNode(entry.text));
- var div = document.createElement("div");
- div.appendChild(a);
- div.className = "toclevel" + entry.toclevel;
- toc.appendChild(div);
- }
- if (entries.length == 0)
- toc.parentNode.removeChild(toc);
-},
-
-
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// Footnotes generator
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-/* Based on footnote generation code from:
- * http://www.brandspankingnew.net/archive/2005/07/format_footnote.html
- */
-
-footnotes: function () {
- // Delete existing footnote entries in case we're reloading the footnodes.
- var i;
- var noteholder = document.getElementById("footnotes");
- if (!noteholder) {
- return;
- }
- var entriesToRemove = [];
- for (i = 0; i < noteholder.childNodes.length; i++) {
- var entry = noteholder.childNodes[i];
- if (entry.nodeName == 'div' && entry.getAttribute("class") == "footnote")
- entriesToRemove.push(entry);
- }
- for (i = 0; i < entriesToRemove.length; i++) {
- noteholder.removeChild(entriesToRemove[i]);
- }
-
- // Rebuild footnote entries.
- var cont = document.getElementById("content");
- var spans = cont.getElementsByTagName("span");
- var refs = {};
- var n = 0;
- for (i=0; i<spans.length; i++) {
- if (spans[i].className == "footnote") {
- n++;
- var note = spans[i].getAttribute("data-note");
- if (!note) {
- // Use [\s\S] in place of . so multi-line matches work.
- // Because JavaScript has no s (dotall) regex flag.
- note = spans[i].innerHTML.match(/\s*\[([\s\S]*)]\s*/)[1];
- spans[i].innerHTML =
- "[<a id='_footnoteref_" + n + "' href='#_footnote_" + n +
- "' title='View footnote' class='footnote'>" + n + "</a>]";
- spans[i].setAttribute("data-note", note);
- }
- noteholder.innerHTML +=
- "<div class='footnote' id='_footnote_" + n + "'>" +
- "<a href='#_footnoteref_" + n + "' title='Return to text'>" +
- n + "</a>. " + note + "</div>";
- var id =spans[i].getAttribute("id");
- if (id != null) refs["#"+id] = n;
- }
- }
- if (n == 0)
- noteholder.parentNode.removeChild(noteholder);
- else {
- // Process footnoterefs.
- for (i=0; i<spans.length; i++) {
- if (spans[i].className == "footnoteref") {
- var href = spans[i].getElementsByTagName("a")[0].getAttribute("href");
- href = href.match(/#.*/)[0]; // Because IE return full URL.
- n = refs[href];
- spans[i].innerHTML =
- "[<a href='#_footnote_" + n +
- "' title='View footnote' class='footnote'>" + n + "</a>]";
- }
- }
- }
-},
-
-install: function(toclevels) {
- var timerId;
-
- function reinstall() {
- asciidoc.footnotes();
- if (toclevels) {
- asciidoc.toc(toclevels);
- }
- }
-
- function reinstallAndRemoveTimer() {
- clearInterval(timerId);
- reinstall();
- }
-
- timerId = setInterval(reinstall, 500);
- if (document.addEventListener)
- document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", reinstallAndRemoveTimer, false);
- else
- window.onload = reinstallAndRemoveTimer;
-}
-
-}
-asciidoc.install();
-/*]]>*/
-</script>
-</head>
-<body class="article">
-<div id="header">
-<h1>CASM</h1>
-</div>
-<div id="content">
-<div id="preamble">
-<div class="sectionbody">
-<div class="paragraph"><p>A simple, portable multi-pass assembler</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Copyright &#169; 2003-2015 Ian Cowburn &lt;<a href="mailto:ianc@noddybox.co.uk">ianc@noddybox.co.uk</a>&gt;</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-(at your option) any later version.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-GNU General Public License for more details.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program. If not, see <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html">http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html</a></p></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_usage">Usage</h2>
-<div class="sectionbody">
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt>casm file</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Assembles file, and places the output in <em>output</em> by default.</p></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_source_format_example">Source Format Example</h2>
-<div class="sectionbody">
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The source files follow this basic format:</p></div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt>; Comments
-;
-label1: equ 0xffff
-
- org $4000;
-
- db "Hello, World\n",0
-
-main jp local_label ; Comments
-
-.local_label
- inc a
-
-another:
- inc b
- jp local_label ; Actually jumps to the following local_label.
-
-.local_label
- ret</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The source files follow the following rules:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Any text past a semicolon (;) is discarded as a comment (except when part
- of a string constant).
-</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>
-Labels must start in column zero (the left hand most column).
-</p>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-If the label ends with a colon (:) then the colon is removed.
-</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>
-If the label doesn&#8217;t start with a period (.) then it is assumed a global
- label.
-</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>
-If the label starts with a period (.) then it is assumed to be a local
- label. Local labels are associated with the preceding global label. If a
- global label and related local label have the same name, the local label
- will be used on expansion.
-</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>
-Any label can be followed by an <em>equ</em> directive, in which case the label
- is set to that value rather than the current program counter.
-</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>
-Labels are case-insensitive.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul></div>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>
-Directives and opcodes must appear further along the line (anywhere else
- other than the left hand column where labels live basically).
-</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>
-Strings can either be quoted with single or double quotes; this allows you to
- put the other quote type inside the string.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul></div>
-<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_recognised_directives">Recognised directives</h3>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>All directives are also recognised with an optional period (.) in front of
-them, and are case insensitive. Directives can also be used to control the
-output of a program listing, and the output of the assembly itself. These are
-documented in further sections.</p></div>
-<div class="dlist"><dl>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-processor <em>CPU</em>
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Sets the processor type to <em>CPU</em>. If omitted then Z80 is the default.
- Note that this can appear multiple times in the same file. Currently
- supported <em>CPU</em> values are <tt>Z80</tt> and <tt>6502</tt>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-option <em>setting</em>, <em>value</em>
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Set options. Options are defined later on, and each CPU can also have its
- own options. For options that support booleans (on/off/true/false),
- the <em>setting</em> can be prefixed with a plus or minus character to switch it
- on or off respectively.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-equ <em>value</em>
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Sets the top level label to <em>value</em>. Note this requires a label on the
- same line.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-org <em>value</em>
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Sets the program counter (PC) to <em>value</em>. The PC defaults to zero.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-ds <em>value</em>[, <em>fill</em>]
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Skips on the program counter <em>value</em> bytes. If the optional <em>fill</em> is
- provided then the bytes are filled with <em>fill</em>, otherwise they are filled
- with zero.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-db <em>value</em>[, <em>value</em>]
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Writes bytes to the current PC. The values can be constants, expressions,
- labels or strings. Built-in aliases are <tt>byte</tt> and <tt>text</tt>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-dw &lt;value&gt;[, &lt;value&gt;]
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Writes words (16-bit values) to the current PC. The values can be
- constants, expressions or labels. Note that <tt>word</tt> is a built-in alias for
- this directive.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-align <em>value</em>[, <em>fill</em>]
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Align the PC so that (PC modulus <em>value</em>) is zero. Will error if <em>value</em>
- is less than 2 or greater that 32768. No values are written to the skipped
- bytes unless the optional <em>fill</em> is supplied.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-include <em>filename</em>
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Includes the source file <em>filename</em> as if it was text entered at the
- current location.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-incbin <em>filename</em>
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Includes the binary data in <em>filename</em> at the current PC, as if it was a
- sequence of <tt>db</tt> directives with all the bytes from the file.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-alias <em>command</em>, <em>replacement</em>
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Creates an alias so that whenever the command <em>command</em> is found in the
- source it is replaced with <em>replacement</em>. The idea of this is to make it
- easier to import sources that use unknown directives, e.g.
-</p>
-<div class="literalblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt>alias setaddr,org
-alias ldreg,ld</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="literalblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt>cpu z80</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="literalblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt>setaddr $8000 ; These two are
-org $8000 ; equivalent.</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="literalblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt>ld a,(hl) ; These two are
-ldreg a,(hl) ; equivalent.</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-nullcmd
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Simply does nothing. It&#8217;s only real use is as an alias if you wished to
- strip a directive from a foreign source file.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-end
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Terminates the input processing. Anything past the directive will be
- ignored.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl></div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_expressions">Expressions</h3>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>In any of the directives above, where a value is defined, an expression can be
-entered.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The following formats for constant numbers are supported (note these are
-illustrated as a regular expression):</p></div>
-<div class="dlist"><dl>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-"x" or <em>x</em>
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- A single quoted character will be converted into the appropriate character
- code.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-[1-9][0-9]*
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- A decimal number, e.g. 42.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-0[0-7]*
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- An octal number, e.g. 052.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-0x[0-9a-fA-f]+
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- A hex number, e.g. 0x2a.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-[0-9a-fA-f]+h
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- A hex number, e.g. 2ah.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-$[0-9a-fA-f]+
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- A hex number, e.g. $2a.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-[01]+b
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- A binary number, e.g. 00101010b
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-[a-zA-Z_0-9]+
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- A label, e.g. <tt>main_loop</tt>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The following operators are understood. The order here is the order of
-precedence.</p></div>
-<div class="dlist"><dl>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-{ }
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Brackets used to alter the order of precedence. Note normal parenthesis
- aren&#8217;t used as the assembly language may make use of them.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-~ + -
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Bitwise NOT/unary plus/unary minus.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-&lt;&lt; &gt;&gt;
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Shift left/shift right.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-/ * %
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Division/multiplication/modulus.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-+ -
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Addition/subtraction.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>All the following have the same precedence, and so will be done left to right.</p></div>
-<div class="dlist"><dl>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-==
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Equality. Returns 1 if the arguments are equal, otherwise zero.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-!=
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Inequality. Returns 1 if the arguments are unequal, otherwise zero.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-&lt; &lt;= &gt; &gt;=
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Less than/less than or equal/greater than/greater than or equal. Returns 1
- if the arguments are equal, otherwise zero.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>All the following have the same precedence, and so will be done left to right.</p></div>
-<div class="dlist"><dl>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-&amp;&amp; &amp;
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Boolean/bitwise AND. For boolean operation arguments, zero is FALSE,
- otherwise TRUE.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-|| |
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Boolean/bitwise OR.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-^
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Bitwise XOR.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Assembly instructions will also permit these expressions to be used where
-applicable. As many opcodes use parenthesis to indicate addressing modes,
-remember that {} brackets can be used to alter expression precedence.</p></div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt> ld a,{8+2}*2 ; On the Z80 loads A with the value 20
- ld a,({8+2}*2) ; On the Z80 loads A with the value stored at
- ; address 20</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that the expression is evaluated using a standard C int, and then cast
-to the appropriate size.</p></div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_character_sets">Character Sets</h3>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The assembler has built-in support for a few different character sets.
-These can be set by using the options <em>charset</em> or <em>codepage</em>, i.e.</p></div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt> option codepage, &lt;format&gt;
- option charset, &lt;format&gt;</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The following values can be used for <em>format</em>.</p></div>
-<div class="dlist"><dl>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-ascii
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- 7-bit ASCII. This is the default.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-spectrum
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- The character codes as used on the Sinclair ZX Spectrum.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-zx81
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- The character codes as used on the Sinclair ZX-81. Lower case
- letters are encoded as normal upper case letters and upper case
- letter will be encoded as inverse upper case letters.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-cbm
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- PETSCII as used on the Commodore Business Machine&#8217;s range from the
- PET to the C128. See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PETSCII">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PETSCII</a> for
- more details.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>e.g.</p></div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt> option +list
- option +list-hex
-
- option charset,ascii
- db "Hello",'A'
-; $48 $65 $6C $6C $6F $41
-
- option charset,zx81
- db "Hello",'A'
-; $AD $2A $31 $31 $34 $A6
-
- option codepage,cbm
- db "Hello",'A'
-; $48 $45 $4C $4C $4F $41
-
- option codepage,spectrum
- db "Hello",'A'
-; $48 $65 $6C $6C $6F $41</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_macros">Macros</h3>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Macros can be defined in one of two ways; either parameterless or with named
-parameters. Macro names are case-insensitive. In the parameterless mode the
-special identifier <em>*</em> can be used to expand all arguments, which will be
-separated with commas.</p></div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt>macro1: macro
-
- ld a,\1
- ld b,\2
- call \3
- defb \*
-
- endm
-
-macro2: macro char,junk,interface
-
- ld a,@char
- ld b,@junk
- call @interface
-
- endm</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that trying to expand and unknown/missing argument will be replaced with
-an empty string. Also the two argument reference styles can be mixed, though
-obviously the @ form only makes sense in a parameterised macro, e.g.</p></div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt>mac: macro char,junk,interface
-
- ld a,@char
- ld b,\2
- call @interface
-
- endm</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The at symbol (@) used for parameter expansion in named argument macros can
-be replaced by using the following option, e.g.</p></div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt> option macro-arg-char,&amp;</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that this is enforced when the macro is <strong>used</strong>, not when it is <strong>defined</strong>.
-Also the character must not be quoted, as that will be parsed as a string
-holding the character code of the character.</p></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_output_format">Output Format</h2>
-<div class="sectionbody">
-<div class="paragraph"><p>By default the assembled code is written to a file called <strong>output</strong> as raw
-binary covering the block of memory that the assembly touched.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>This can be controlled with the following options.</p></div>
-<div class="dlist"><dl>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-option output-file, <em>file</em>
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Send the output to <em>file</em>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-option output-type, <em>format</em>
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Controls the output format with the following settings
-</p>
-<div class="dlist"><dl>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-raw
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- The default raw binary.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-spectrum
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Generates a Spectrum TAP file for an emulator. The TAP file will
- be given the same name as the output filename, and its load address
- will be set to the start of the created memory. Remember that TAP
- files can be concatenated, so the output could be appended to
- another TAP file containing a BASIC loader for example.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl></div>
-</dd>
-</dl></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_listing">Listing</h2>
-<div class="sectionbody">
-<div class="paragraph"><p>By default no output listing is generated. This can be controlled by the
-the following options.</p></div>
-<div class="dlist"><dl>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-option list, &lt;on|off&gt;
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Enables/disables listing. The listing will go to stdout.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-option list-file, <em>file</em>
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Sends the listing to <em>file</em>. Note this should appear before enabling the
- listing.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-option list-pc, &lt;on|off&gt;
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Control the output of the current PC in the as a comment preceding the
- line (so that a listing could be reassembled with no editing). Defaults
- to <strong>off</strong>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-option list-hex, &lt;on|off&gt;
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Control the output of the bytes generated by the source line in hex.
- Defaults to <strong>off</strong>. If <strong>on</strong> then the hex is output in a comment preceding
- the line (possibly with the PC above), so that a listing is still valid to
- be assembled.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-option list-labels, &lt;on|off|all&gt;
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Controls the listing of labels, either <strong>off</strong> (the default), <strong>on</strong> to dump
- label values at the end of the listing and <strong>all</strong> to dump all labels,
- including internally generated private labels for macros.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-option list-macros, &lt;off|exec|dump|all&gt;
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Controls the listing of macro invocations, either
-</p>
-<div class="dlist"><dl>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-off
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- The default; don&#8217;t list anything.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-exec
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- List invocations of macros.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-dump
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Produce a list of macro definitions at the end of the listing.
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-all
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Combine "exec" and "dump"
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl></div>
-</dd>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-option list-rm-blanks, &lt;on|off&gt;
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Defaults to <strong>on</strong>. This option causes multiple blank lines to be collapsed
- down to a single line.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_z80_cpu">Z80 CPU</h2>
-<div class="sectionbody">
-<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_opcodes">Opcodes</h3>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The Z80 assembler uses the standard Zilog opcodes, and supports
-undocumented instructions.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>For instructions were the Accumulator can be assumed it can be omitted, and
-EOR can be used the same as XOR:</p></div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt> xor a,a ; These are equivalent
- xor a
- eor a,a
-
- and a,b ; These are equivalent
- and b</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>For exchange opcodes with parameters the parameters can be reversed from their
-official form:</p></div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt> ; The official forms
- ;
- ex de,hl
- ex af,af'
- ex (sp),hl
- ex (sp),ix
- ex (sp),iy
-
- ; Also supported
- ;
- ex hl,de
- ex af',af
- ex hl,(sp)
- ex ix,(sp)
- ex iy,(sp)</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Where the high/low register parts of the IX and IY registers are to be used,
-simply use ixl, iyl, ixh and iyh. Note that the assembler will accept
-illegal pairings involving H and L, but these will be warned about:</p></div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt> ld ixh,$e5
- ld iyl,iyl
-
- ld ixh,l ; This will be turned into "ld ixh,ixl" and a
- ; warning will be issued.
-
- ld iyh,ixl ; This will generate an error as the index registers
- ; have been mixed.</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>For bit manipulations that also can copied to a register, these can be
-represented by adding the destination register as an extra parameter, e.g.</p></div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt> srl (iy-1),d
- set 3,(iy-1),a
- res 4,(iy-1),b</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>For the hidden IN instruction using the flag register the following are all
-equivalent:</p></div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt> in (c)
- in f,(c)</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>For the hidden OUT instruction using the flag register, $00 or $ff depending
-on where you&#8217;re reading, the following are all equivalent, where <em>value</em> can
-be any value at all:</p></div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt> out (c)
- out (c),f
- out (c),&lt;value&gt;</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_options">Options</h3>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The Z80 assembler has no options.</p></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_6502_cpu">6502 CPU</h2>
-<div class="sectionbody">
-<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_opcodes_2">Opcodes</h3>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The 6502 assembler uses the standard Motorola opcodes.</p></div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_options_2">Options</h3>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The 6502 assembler has the following options.</p></div>
-<div class="dlist"><dl>
-<dt class="hdlist1">
-option zero-page, &lt;on|off|auto&gt;
-</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
- Use Zero-Page addressing for <em>absolute</em> and <em>absolute</em>,X address modes.
- If mode is set to <strong>auto</strong> then tries to calculate the mode based on the
- value in the last pass.
- Defaults to <strong>off</strong>. e.g.
-</p>
-<div class="literalblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt>cpu 6502
-org $8000</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="literalblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt>lda $0000,x ; Produces $bd $00 $00
-option +zero-page
-lda $0000,x ; Produces $b5 $00
-lda $1234,x ; Produces an error</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="literalblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre><tt>option zero-page,auto
-lda $00,x ; Produces $b5 $00
-lda $8000,x ; Produces $bd $00 $80</tt></pre>
-</div></div>
-</dd>
-</dl></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
-<div id="footer">
-<div id="footer-text">
-Last updated 2016-03-08 13:51:08 GMT
-</div>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
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